11第11章 （2 / 2）

*Thelongesterainthehistoryofhumancivilization.

*Survivalwasconstrainedbynature;humanspassivelyadaptedtoandblindlyworshippednature.

*Productivitylevelswerelow;toolsincludedstoneimplements,bowsandarrows,andfire-makingbydrillingwood.

*Subsistencereliedmainlyonfishingandhunting,directlyutilizingnaturalorganismsaslivingresources.

2AgriculturalCivilization

*Alsoknownasthe"YellowCivilization,"termedtheFirstWavebyAlvinToffler.

*Humansbegantoactivelyunderstand,modify,andutilizenature,cultivatingcropsanddomesticatinganimals.

*Simpleproductiontoolsandtechnologiesemerged;productionactivitiescenteredonfarmingandanimalhusbandry.

*Activitiessuchasdeforestationandlandreclamationincreasedsoilerosion.However,natureremaineddominant,andthenaturalecologicalbalancehadnotyetbeenfundamentallydisrupted.

3IndustrialCivilization

*Alsoknownasthe"BlackCivilization,"termedtheSecondWavebyAlvinToffler.

*Industrialmanufacturingreplacedtraditionalagricultureandworkshops.

*Itisbasedonhumancreativityandsurvivalneeds,withafundamentalvalueorientationofconqueringnature.

*Therelationshipbetweenhumansandnatureischaracterizedbyconquestandbeingconquered,plunderandbeingplundered,exploitationandutilization.

*Whilebringingunprecedentedmaterialenjoyment,italsoledtosevereenvironmentaldamageandresourcecrises.Naturalecosystemsfelloutofbalance,becomingincapableofself-restoration,leadingtointensifiednaturaldisasters.

II.EnvironmentalProblemsBroughtbyIndustrialCivilization

1.GlobalWarming

*Overthepastcentury,theglobalaveragetemperaturehasshownanupwardtrendamidstfluctuationsbetweenwarmandcol