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Chapter1TheProposalandDevelopmentofEcologicalCivilization

I.TheOriginofEcologicalCivilization

1.WhatisCivilization?

DefinitionfromXinhuaDictionary:

Thesumtotalofwealthcreatedbyhumanlaborandwisdomthroughoutthelongcourseofhistoricaldevelopment.

Itsfunctionsaretwofold:first,topursueindividualmoralperfection;second,tosafeguardpublicinterestsandsocialorder.

DefinitionfromOxfordDictionary:

First,itreferstoarelativelyadvancedstageinthedevelopmentofhumansociety,beginningafterhumanityemergedfromignoranceandbarbarism,evolvingintoanurban-linkedlifestylecharacterizedbyetiquette.

Second,itdescribesastateofrefinedpersonalbehavior.

Etymology:Therootof"Civilization"civilsharesthesameoriginastheLatinwordcivitas,meaning"city."

CriteriafortheEmergenceofHumanCivilization:

*Theappearanceofcities

*Theemergenceofwriting

*Theestablishmentofstatesystems

TheStartingPointofHumanCivilization:TheSumeriansestablishednumerouscity-statesanddevelopedwritinginthe"Mesopotamia"regionbetweentheEuphratesandTigrisriversaround4000BCE,markingthedawnofhumancivilization.

2.TheEvolutionofHumanCivilization

1PrimitiveCivilization